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It is difficult to provide a single concise definition for dharma, as the word has a long and varied history and straddles a complex set of meanings and interpretations. It has multiple meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Definition ĭharma is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription he used the Aramaic word קשיטא ( qšyṭ’ truth, rectitude). In the 3rd century BCE the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka translated dharma into Greek and Aramaic he used the Greek word eusebeia (εὐσέβεια, piety, spiritual maturity, or godliness) in the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription and the Kandahar Greek Edicts. In some contemporary Indian languages and dialects it alternatively occurs as dharm. In Prakrit and Pāli, it is rendered dhamma. In Classical Sanskrit, and in the Vedic Sanskrit of the Atharvaveda, the stem is thematic: dhárma- ( Devanāgarī: धर्म). It is semantically similar to the Greek themis ("fixed decree, statute, law"). Figuratively, it means "sustainer" and "supporter" (of deities). In the Rigveda, the word appears as an n-stem, dhárman-, with a range of meanings encompassing "something established or firm" (in the literal sense of prods or poles). It is derived from an older Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman-, with a literal meaning of "bearer, supporter", in a religious sense conceived as an aspect of Rta.
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From this, it takes the meaning of "what is established or firm", and hence "law". The word dharma has roots in the Sanskrit dhr-, which means to hold or to support, and is related to Latin firmus (firm, stable). The Prakrit word " dha-ṃ-ma"/ ??? ( Sanskrit: Dharma धर्म) in the Brahmi script, as inscribed by Emperor Ashoka in his Edicts of Ashoka (3rd century BCE). The ancient Tamil moral text of Tirukkural is solely based on aṟam, the Tamil term for dharma. As with the other components of the Puruṣārtha, the concept of dharma is pan-Indian. The concept of dharma was already in use in the historical Vedic religion, and its meaning and conceptual scope has evolved over several millennia. In Sikhism, dharma means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice and one's own moral duties toward God. ĭharma in Jainism refers to the teachings of Tirthankara ( Jina) and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings. In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for " phenomena". In Buddhism, dharma means " cosmic law and order", as expressed by the teachings of the Buddha. It includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living". In Hinduism, dharma is one of the four components of the Puruṣārtha, the aims of life, and signifies behaviours that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta, the order that makes life and universe possible. Although there is no direct single-word translation for dharma in Western languages, it is commonly translated as "righteousness", "merit" or "religious and moral duties" governing individual conduct. Duties, such as learning from teachers ĭharma ( / ˈ d ɑːr m ə/ Sanskrit: धर्म, romanized: dharma, pronounced ( listen) Pali: dhamma Tamil: aṟam) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others.